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    • 专利摘要:
    The present disclosure relates to apparatuses (100, 200) and methods for applying triaxial stresses to a core (150, 250) during puncture and flow tests. A rock core (150, 250) is positioned within an attachment shell (130) of an overload constraint apparatus (100, 200), which is located within a pressure vessel pressure (205). The pressure vessel (205) applies a tank pressure to the overload stress apparatus (100, 200). The overload constraint apparatus (100, 200) contains a plurality of strain elements (142, 144a, 144b, 146a, 146b) that apply core overload stresses (150, 250) along its three axes. main axes. The resistance to the applied overload stresses is ensured by a combination of the structural integrity of the overload stress apparatus (100, 200) and the circumferential support applied to the overload stress apparatus (100, 200) by the tank pressure. With the application of the overload constraints, the core (150, 250) can be subjected to perforation tests, production tests and injection tests.
    公开号:FR3071926A1
    申请号:FR1857923
    申请日:2018-09-04
    公开日:2019-04-05
    发明作者:John Douglas Manning
    申请人:Halliburton Energy Services Inc；
    IPC主号:
    专利说明:

    TECHNICAL AREA
    The present technology relates to perforation and flow tests carried out on rock cores, and more particularly the application of triaxial overload constraints to simulate the actual downhole conditions during the tests.
    BACKGROUND
    Nowadays, many oil and gas wells are generally made by means of a casing and perforation process in which parts of a borehole are lined with a pipe or casing. Often the outer surface of the casing is held in place with cement, thereby securing the casing to the borehole. Although the casing can provide reinforcement and stability, it must also be perforated to allow the flow of production fluid from a formation. As such, the final step of such an embodiment involves lowering one or more perforators to the desired drilling depth and actuating the perforators to perforate the casing. Although the perforators use shaped fillers which can be adapted to the conditions and downhole parameters provided, the perforation operations are still, today, an imprecise process.
    [003] The American Petroleum Institute (API), in the document entitled “Recommended Practice for Evaluation of Well Perforators” (API RP 19B, Sections 2 and 4), formulates the basic principles of perforator evaluation using tests using rock cores under simplified in situ conditions. The main useful data obtained at the end of these tests are the depth of penetration produced as a function of the composition and the condition. In a standard test in accordance with API RP 19B Section 2 or Section 4, a rock cylinder (or "carrot") is inserted into a rubber sheath and subjected to stress to simulate various underground stresses present in an oil deposit or gas. This constraint is applied by placing the sheathed core in a pressure tank, which is then pressurized relative to the core inserted in the sheath. In the presence of these constraints, one or more perforation operations are carried out and measured.
    However, the core is subjected to isostatic or hydrostatic stresses, which means that the stress applied is uniform in all directions around the core. However, in reality, the state of the underground constraints is not uniform. For example, in the traditionally used three-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system, three main constraints act along the x, y and z axes, each main constraint having its own amplitude. As such, it would be desirable to provide a test of triaxial stresses, or a test allowing to apply three distinct stresses to a rock sample, usable within the framework of the operations of evaluation of the perforation and the flow.
    PRESENTATION
    The present disclosure comprises each of the following aspects: [005] Aspect 1: An apparatus with overload constraint comprising: an elongated fixing shell enclosing and insulating a chamber; a plurality of constraint elements inside the chamber, arranged to form a central receiving cavity in the form of a rectangular prism to contain a core of rock to be tested, the plurality of constraint elements covering at least five faces of the rectangular prism-shaped receiving cavity, the rectangular prism-shaped receiving cavity having three opposite paired faces and having three axes each extending through one of the three opposite paired faces, the plurality of constraint elements can be controlled independently to apply overload pressures to the core when it is contained in the central receiving cavity in the direction of each of the three axes; a first end adapter positioned at a first end of the central receiving cavity for receiving a first end of the core when it is contained therein; and a second end adapter positioned at a second end of the central receiving cavity opposite the first end, and covering at least one of the plurality of restraining elements.
    Aspect 2: The device with overload constraint according to Aspect 1, in which the fixing shell is designed to receive an external pressure coming from an external pressure tank, the fixing shell being configured to not support only part of the overload pressures and the external pressure supporting the rest of the overload pressures.
    Aspect 3: The overload constraint device according to Aspect 1 or 2, further comprising an external pressure vessel, the fixing shell being contained in the external pressure vessel and receiving external pressure from the external pressure tank, the fixing shell being designed to withstand only part of the overload pressures, the external pressure supporting the rest of the overload pressures.
    Aspect 4: The overload constraint apparatus according to any one of Aspects 1 to 3, wherein the plurality of constraint elements can be independently controlled to generate three overload stress profiles along the three axes correspondents.
    Aspect 5: The overload constraint apparatus according to any one of Aspects 1 to 4, wherein the plurality of constraint elements is provided by one or more flat cylinders and pistons.
    Aspect 6: The device with overload constraint according to Aspect 5, in which the core is of rectangular section and less than 30.48 centimeters (12 inches) in side in cross section.
    Aspect 7: The overload constraint apparatus according to any one of Aspects 1 to 6, further comprising a simulated wellbore section, the simulated wellbore section being coupled between the first adapter end and a source of pressurized fluid to simulate the characteristics of the wellbore.
    Aspect 8: The overload constraint apparatus according to any one of Aspects 1 to 7, wherein the second end adapter provides fluid coupling between a source of pressurized interstitial fluid and the core.
    Aspect 9: The overload constraint apparatus according to any one of Aspects 1 to 8, wherein the first end of the core is received in a portion of simulated wellbore casing of the first end adapter .
    Aspect 10: The overload constraint apparatus according to Aspect 9, further comprising a perforator coupled to the simulated wellbore tubing portion of the first end adapter, the perforator can be used to create a Perforation tunnel through the simulated well casing portion and into the core.
    Aspect 11: Method comprising: positioning a rock core inside a fixing shell of a device with overload constraint; positioning the device with overload constraint inside an internal volume of an external pressure vessel containing a vessel fluid; pressurizing the external pressure vessel to a desired vessel pressure, so that the vessel pressure provides circumferential support for the mounting shell; and pressurizing the overload constraint apparatus to desired triaxial overload pressures along a first axis, a second axis and a third axis of the core, wherein the mounting shell does not supports part of the overload pressures and the tank pressure supports the rest of the overload pressures.
    Aspect 12: The method according to Aspect 11, wherein a maximum nominal pressure of the fixing shell is less than one or more pressures among the tank pressure and the triaxial overload pressures.
    Aspect 13: The method according to Aspect 11 or 12, further comprising adjusting the triaxial overload pressures to generate a first desired overload stress profile along the first axis of the core, a second profile desired overload stresses along the second axis of the core and a third desired overload stress profile along the third axis of the core.
    Aspect 14: The method according to any one of Aspects 11 to 13, wherein the external pressure vessel and the overload constraint device are pressurized simultaneously, so that a difference between the pressure of tank and any of the triaxial overload pressures never exceeds a threshold pressure, the threshold pressure being a function of a maximum nominal pressure of the fixing shell.
    Aspect 15: The method according to any one of Aspects 11 to 14, wherein the external pressure vessel and the overload constraint apparatus are pressurized in stages, the vessel pressure and the triaxial overload pressures being alternately increased, by an amount less than the desired vessel pressure and the desired triaxial overload pressures, respectively.
    Aspect 16: The method according to any of Aspects 11 to 15, wherein the pressurization of the overload constraint apparatus includes adjusting a plurality of constraint elements positioned within the fixing shell and in contact with the core, the stressing elements being provided by one or more flat cylinders and pistons.
    Aspect 17: The method according to any one of Aspects 11 to 16, further comprising providing a portion of simulated wellbore tubing between a face of the core and the external pressure vessel.
    Aspect 18: The method according to Aspect 17, further comprising carrying out a perforation test on the core, the perforation test creating a perforation tunnel through the part of casing of simulated wellbore and extending into the carrot.
    Aspect 19: The method according to Aspect 18, in which the perforation tunnel is used to carry out a production test or an injection test on the core.
    Aspect 20: The method according to Aspect 19, in which the core is fluidly isolated from the tank fluid and one or more sources of external fluid are coupled to the device under overload constraint to carry out the production test. or the injection test on the carrot.
    Aspect 21: The method according to any one of Aspects 11 to 20, said method being for the application of overload constraints.
    Aspect 22: The method according to any one of Aspects 11 to 21, said method allowing the implementation of an overload constraint device according to any one of Aspects 1 to 10.
    Aspect 23: System comprising an overload constraint device according to any one of Aspects 1 to 10; and an external pressure tank, the fixing shell being contained in the external pressure tank and receiving external pressure from the external pressure tank, the fixing shell being designed to withstand only part of the overload pressures, the external pressure supporting the rest of the overload pressures.
    Aspect 24: System according to Aspect 23, further comprising a simulated wellbore section, the simulated wellbore section being coupled between the first end adapter and a source of pressurized fluid to simulate the characteristics of the wellbore.
    Aspect 25: System according to Aspect 23 or 24, in which the second end adapter ensures fluid coupling between a source of pressurized interstitial fluid and the core.
    Aspect 26: A system according to any of Aspects 23-25, wherein the first end of the core is received in a simulated wellbore tubing portion of the first end adapter.
    Aspect 27: System according to Aspect 26, further comprising a perforator coupled to the simulated wellbore casing portion of the first end adapter, the perforator can be used to create a perforation tunnel through the part of casing of simulated wellbore and in the core.
    BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
    To explain how to obtain the advantages and aspects of the present disclosure mentioned above, as well as other advantages and aspects, a more precise description of the principles briefly stated above will now be proposed with reference to the modes of particular embodiments of said disclosure illustrated in the accompanying drawings. It being understood that these drawings only illustrate examples of embodiments of the present disclosure and should therefore not be considered as limiting the scope thereof, the principles set out here are described and explained in more specific and detailed manner in by means of the accompanying drawings, in which: FIG. IA is a transverse front view of an example of a device with triaxial restraint according to the present disclosure; FIG. IB is a perspective view of an example of apparatus with triaxial restraint according to the present disclosure; FIG. IC is a top view of an example of a triaxial constraint apparatus according to the present disclosure; FIG. 2 is a first lateral transverse view of an example of a test system using the apparatus with triaxial stress according to the present disclosure; FIG. 3 is a second lateral transverse view of the example of a test system shown in FIG. 2, annotated to indicate examples of pressure differences in the system; and FIGS. 4A and 4B are block diagrams of examples of computer systems usable with the embodiments of the example system.
    DETAILED DESCRIPTION
    Various embodiments of the present disclosure are presented in detail below. Although specific implementations are presented below, it should be understood that this is done for illustration purposes only. Those skilled in the art will understand that other components and configurations can be used without departing from the spirit or scope of this disclosure.
    Other aspects and advantages of the present disclosure are presented in the description which follows and are partly evident from the description, or can be learned by applying the principles described here. The aspects and advantages of the present disclosure can be realized and obtained by means of the instruments and combinations emphasized in the appended claims. These aspects of this disclosure, as well as other aspects, will become more apparent from the following description and the appended claims, or may be learned by applying the principles set forth herein.
    It will be understood that, to simplify and clarify the illustration when necessary, reference numbers are used repeatedly in the various figures to indicate corresponding or similar elements. In addition, many specific details are presented to give a complete overview of the embodiments described here. Those skilled in the art will understand, however, that the embodiments described herein can be practiced without these particular details. In other cases, methods, procedures and components are not described in detail in order to preserve the clarity of the particular aspect described in connection therewith. The drawings are not necessarily to scale and the proportions of some parts may be exaggerated to better illustrate the details and aspects. The description should not be considered as limiting the scope of the embodiments described here.
    Unless otherwise indicated, any use of any form of the terms "connect", "engage", "couple", "fix", or any other term describing an interaction between elements, is not intended limit their interaction to a direct interaction between the elements, but may also include an indirect interaction between the elements described. In the following description and in the claims, the terms “including” and “comprising” are used in a non-restrictive manner and must therefore be interpreted to mean “in particular, but not exclusively, ...”. A reference to “high” or “low” will be made for the purposes of description, “high”, “higher”, “upwards”, “upstream” or “upward” meaning towards the surface of the wellbore, and "Bottom", "lower", "down", "downstream" or "down" meaning towards the end of the well, regardless of the orientation of the wellbore. The various characteristics described in more detail below will readily appear to those skilled in the art in view of the present disclosure, on reading the detailed description which follows and with reference to the appended drawings.
    The approaches presented here describe an apparatus and a method for performing a test of triaxial stresses on a sample or a rock core in order to simulate the underground stresses of an oil or gas deposit. In particular, the stress test can be performed in accordance with various aspects of Sections 2 and 4 of API Petroleum Institute API RP 19B, Recommended Practice for the Evaluation of Well Perforators wells]. The apparatus includes an elongated mounting shell containing a chamber adapted to be loaded with a core of rock to be tested, and first and second end adapters for receiving the first and second ends of the core, respectively, and sealing the core inside the chamber of the fixing shell. A coupling element couples the device within the internal volume of an external pressure vessel, at which time a plurality of constraining elements inside a chamber of the mounting shell applies overload pressures (and therefore overload stress profiles) along the three main axes (either the x-axis, the y-axis and the z-axis, in the Cartesian coordinate system) of the carrot. The external pressure vessel being pressurized to a vessel pressure, the fixing shell is supported circumferentially by the vessel pressure. Consequently, the fixing shell can be dimensioned so as to structurally resist only part of the tank pressure or part of each of the overload pressures, the highest value being retained here.
    The method consists of loading a core of rock inside the fixing shell of a device with overload constraint and positioning the device inside the internal volume of an external pressure vessel. The pressure vessel is then pressurized to a desired vessel pressure, so that the vessel pressure provides circumferential support for the mounting shell, and the overload constraint apparatus is pressurized to pressures desired overload along the three main axes (ie the x-axis, the y-axis and the z-axis in the Cartesian coordinate system) of the core.
    Now regarding FIG. IA to IC, an example of a device with triaxial constraint 100 (also designated here by the term “test device”) according to the present disclosure is represented from different perspectives. FIG. IA is a cross-sectional front view of the test apparatus 100, FIG. IB is a perspective view of the test apparatus 100 and FIG. IC is a cross-sectional view from above of the test apparatus 100. In general, the test apparatus 100 is provided both for containing a core 150 and for coupling to a pressure vessel (not shown) to effect one or more tests according to this disclosure. As seen in FIG. IA, the test apparatus 100 is provided with an upper adapter 110 (also referred to herein as the "first end adapter") for coupling to a pressure vessel. An example of this coupling is visible in FIG. 2, which represents the test apparatus 100 coupled to the pressure vessel 205.
    Again, FIG. IA, the upper adapter 110 further comprises a perforation orifice 112 adapted to receive a perforator or drilling gun to perform a perforation test on the core 150. In addition, a simulated test tube of casing and cement can be placed at the interior of a casing receptacle 114, so that the simulated casing and cement specimen is in contact with the face of the core 150. An empty space formed between the perforation orifice 112 and the receptacle casing 114 is designated by the term "fluid space". The thickness of the fluid space, the casing and the layers of cement is adjusted in each case in order to simulate the particular well which is tested, the thickness of each layer being determined by one or more parameters among the drilling diameter, the diameter and weight of the casing and the diameter of the perforation system.
    While the traditional tests in accordance with Sections 2 and 4 of API RP 19B use a cylindrical core, the present apparatus and the present method are designed to use a cubic core, which can have a square or rectangular cross section. These cubic cores are more easily subjected to triaxial stresses, which is not the case with cylindrical cores. Accordingly, although the core 150 is described as having a square cross section, it is understood that various other core geometries can be used without departing from the scope of this disclosure. In some embodiments, the dimensions of the carrot 150 can be 7 "x7" x24 "or about 17.78cm x 17.78cm x 60.96 cm (W x 1 x H), which offers a more economical alternative and much smaller in size than the existing triaxial stress tests, which require large blocks of rock at least 3 feet per side (approximately 91.44 cm).
    The carrot 150 being cubic, it has six external faces - an upper face, a lower face and four lateral faces. As mentioned previously, the upper face is in contact with the perforation orifice 114. The other five faces are each in contact with a constraint element to apply the desired stress profile to the core 150. FIG. IA represents elements of constraint along the axis of x 144a and 144b, which apply a constraint along the axis of x, and a element of constraint along the axis of z 142, which applies a constraint along l 'z axis. FIG. IB also represents a constraint element along the y axis 146a, which applies a constraint along the y axis, and a second constraint element along the y axis 146b, not visible. FIG. IC represents the two constraint elements along the x axis 144a and 144b, and the two constraint elements along the y axis 146a and 146b.
    Together, these five constraint elements can be used to apply a triaxial stress profile to the core 150, as desired here. Due to their arrangement of contact with five corresponding faces of the core 150, the five constraint elements are arranged to form a central receiving cavity in the shape of a rectangular prism 152 to contain the core 150. As illustrated, only the upper end (near the upper adapter 110) of this central receiving cavity 152 is not covered by a constraint element.
    In some embodiments, one or more of the constraint elements 142, 144a, 144b, 146a and 146b can be provided in the form of flat cylinders, which are inflated to apply the desired constraint. However, flat cylinders may undergo variations in the applied stress in response to a given initial inflation value, or exhibit different reactions in terms of pressure, the test may therefore require prior calibration and adjustment. As such, in certain embodiments, one or more of the constraint elements 142, 144a, 144b, 146a and 146b can be provided in the form of pistons, it being understood however that various constraint elements other than the flat cylinders and the pistons can be used, as long as they allow the desired pressure and stress to be obtained.
    As illustrated, the constraint elements are contained inside the chamber 132 of an elongated fixing shell 130, which can also act to partially or totally support one or more of the constraint elements. In some embodiments, the shell 130 can be designed specifically with respect to the dimensions of a given core 150 and the associated stressing elements. For example, the shell 130 may be a piece of metal machined in one piece or another one-piece element. In some embodiments, the shell 130 may include two or more parts, since an element made up of several parts can increase the machinability and modularity while reducing costs. In certain embodiments, the shell 130 can be designed so that its internal chamber 132 is compatible with cores of variable dimensions and stress elements of types or of variable dimensions. Regardless of whether the shell 130 is adjustable or not, its function is to contain the core 150 and its associated stressing elements, so that the core and the stressing elements are fluidly isolated from the pressure vessel in which the test apparatus 100 is finally placed. In addition, the shell 130 is designed so as to be able to withstand the stresses applied by the various stressing elements and to resist them, as well as the stresses applied by an external pressure vessel in which the test apparatus 100 is placed.
    In addition, the shell 130 is designed to contain control lines, such as hydraulic and electrical lines, which can be used to control or otherwise adjust the stress applied by the different stress elements. In addition, although this is not shown, the shell 130 can be designed to integrate various sensors, in particular pressure, flow and temperature, used so as to obtain the relevant data necessary for carrying out perforation tests and such as those described in Sections 2 and 4 of the document API RP 19B. In some embodiments, the shell 130 may be used to couple the upper adapter 110 to the lower adapter 120. In some embodiments, full thread connection methods and apparatus may be used or various other methods and apparatus known in the art for coupling the upper adapter 110 to the lower adapter 120, with or without support provided, if necessary, by the shell 130.
    As illustrated, the lower adapter 120 contains and supports the stress element along the axis of z 142. Like the shell 130, the lower adapter 120 is designed to withstand both the stresses applied by the constraint element along the axis of z 142, and to the stresses applied by the external pressure vessel in which the test apparatus 100 is placed. In certain embodiments, the lower adapter 120 may also contain a mechanism for reception for gripping and centering the core 150 inside the test apparatus 100. This type of centered arrangement is visible in the transverse view from above presented in FIG. IC. The lower adapter 120 may further be designed to provide a fluid connection to a source of interstitial fluid, used to simulate a flow of reservoir fluid after the perforation operation performed during the test. The interstitial fluid can be introduced on the underside of the core 150 or along said face and can infiltrate or otherwise penetrate the core 150. In certain embodiments, this source of interstitial fluid is designed to match the composition and pressure of an actual wellbore, the subject of the perforation or flow test in question here. In certain embodiments, the fluid connection of the lower adapter 120 can be ensured in the form of a flow distributor, making it possible to dispense interstitial fluids in liquid or gaseous form. Although not illustrated, other fluid couplings can be provided to dispense the interstitial fluid on the other faces of the core 150 and induce a flow of fluid in different directions. For example, fluid couplings can be provided to allow bidirectional axial flow, that is to say from bottom to top or from top to bottom relative to the upper adapter 110 and to the lower adapter 120. Couplings Fluidics can also be provided to allow a radial flow, so that the fluid flows in the core and exits by a perforation created during a perforation test. In addition, it is contemplated that fluid flow patterns may consist of any combination of the axial and radial flows described above, but also that the direction of fluid flow may be reversible, including during testing .
    Without losing sight of the description which has been given above of the test apparatus 100, reference is now made to FIG. 2, which is a cross-sectional diagram of an exemplary system 200 according to the present disclosure. Generally, the system 200 consists of the arrangement of the test apparatus 100 inside an external pressure vessel 205, to which various pressure sources are coupled. It is contemplated that this type of system and arrangement will be used to perform one or more of the various tests covered by this disclosure.
    In some embodiments, the external pressure tank 205 operates with water, which means that the internal volume 208 of the external pressure tank 205 is filled with water, which is then pressurized to a desired pressure, although the internal volume 208 of the external pressure vessel 205 can also be filled with various other media such as odorless mineral spirits (EMI). The external pressure vessel 205 can itself contain a pressurization device or be connected to a pressure source. As illustrated, the pressure vessel 205 is coupled to a source of vessel pressure 207 via a line 206. This vessel pressure is applied relatively uniformly along the outer surface of the test apparatus 100, this is ie along the outer surface of the shell 130, the upper adapter 110 and the lower adapter 120. The vessel pressure can be selected from various levels and, in some embodiments, can be limited at 25 ksi (25,000 psi or about 1723.69 bar), although other pressure limits can be used if desired. In addition, it is also understood that various other pressure vessels and pressure vessel fluids may as well be used without departing from the scope of this disclosure. As mentioned previously, once the test apparatus 100 is placed inside the internal volume 208 of the external pressure vessel 205, the shell 130 of the test apparatus serves to fluidly isolate the test apparatus 100 any pressure vessel fluid.
    The pressure vessel 205 further comprises a wellbore test chamber 215, used to simulate the conditions observed inside the well or borehole. A wellbore pressure source 217 is coupled to the wellbore test chamber 215 via a wellbore conduit 216 and can be adjusted to provide a wellbore pressure inside the wellbore chamber. well test 215, as desired here.
    To prepare and perform a perforation test, the test device 100 is coupled to an external pressure tank 205 via the upper adapter 110. A cement and tubing test tube can be installed inside the casing receptacle 114 during assembly and preparation of the test apparatus 100. The upper adapter 110 is then connected to the wellbore test chamber 215, at which time the two coupled components are placed inside the pressure vessel 205. A puncture test set 225 such as a laboratory perforator contains a perforation charge 227 and is placed inside the perforation orifice 112 or coupled to that in another way. The puncture charge 227 can be shaped or adjusted in accordance with the desired puncture characteristics or with the parameters associated with the puncture test to be carried out with the test apparatus 100.
    Once the perforation charge 227 is in place, the wellbore test chamber 215 is filled with a wellbore fluid specific to the perforation test in progress, before being closed. or sealed. At this point, the external pressure vessel 205 is subjected to an initial pressure from the vessel pressure source 207. Thereafter, an initial pore pressure is applied from a pore pressure source 237 and an initial pressure wellbore is applied to the wellbore test chamber 215 from the wellbore pressure source 217. The tank pressure can be transmitted by the pressure tank fluid; pore pressure can be transmitted by an interstitial fluid; and the borehole pressure can be transmitted by a drilling fluid. It should also be noted that these initial pressure values are generally all much lower than the desired final pressure values.
    Once these initial pressures in place, one or more of the constraint elements 142, 144a, 144b, 146a and 146b are actuated to apply initial triaxial stresses to the core 250, for example along the x-axis , the y-axis and the z-axis. After all initial pressures and initial triaxial stresses have been applied, the pressures and stresses are slowly increased together until the desired test conditions are achieved.
    Once the test conditions are reached, the puncture charge 227 can explode, which causes the charge to penetrate into the notch of the perforator, the casing and the layers of cement inside. of the casing receptacle 114, and finally in the core 250 itself. At this point, once a hole 234 has been created, the flow test can be initiated either in a production configuration (flow of fluid out of the hole) or in an injection configuration (flow of fluid in the hole ).
    Other details and aspects of using the test apparatus 100 to perform a puncture test are presented below. During installation and / or testing, the lower adapter 120 can freely navigate inside the internal volume 208 of the external pressure vessel 205, so that the test apparatus 100 is in the door - false relative to the connection point provided at the upper adapter 110. In certain embodiments, the lower adapter 120 could be supported or otherwise fixed to the pressure vessel 205, so the test apparatus 100 is not cantilevered. As previously mentioned, the lower adapter 120 may contain a fluid distributor, which can dispense the interstitial fluid from the interstitial pressure source 237 to transmit a desired interstitial pressure. In certain embodiments, the pipe 236 ensuring this coupling can also be used to support the end of the lower adapter of the test apparatus 100.
    The line 236 and the pore pressure source 237 can both be located outside of the pressure vessel 205, in which case the pressure vessel 205 can be sealed to ensure that there is no leakage. of its internal volume 208 at an inlet orifice of the pipe 236. As mentioned previously, the casing receptacle 114 can be loaded with all the layers of cement and casing necessary to simulate the actual wellbore and the deposit surrounding, which are the subject of the test. However, in certain embodiments, several columns of tubing may be necessary to simulate the well studied. In this case, the receptacle 114 can be used to receive a simulated internal casing and an annular space (not shown), while the casing and cement specimen can be moved towards the face of the core 250. In this way, both the inner tubing and the annular space are simulated, like the outer tubing and the cement, which gives increased flexibility to the test apparatus and method described.
    Once the test apparatus 100 has been charged, it can be placed inside the internal volume 208 of the pressure vessel 205 and coupled to the pressure vessel 205 via the upper adapter 110. The lower adapter 120 of the test device can also be coupled to line 236, although the pore pressure source 237 preferably remains disconnected or disabled during this initial process of loading the test device 100 inside the pressure vessel 205. Likewise, the borehole pressure source 217 preferably remains disconnected or deactivated during this initial loading process.
    At this point, the test apparatus 100 and the external pressure vessel 205 must be properly configured and ready to begin pressurization in stages to the desired levels for the perforation test. The pressurization process begins with the prior sealing of the test apparatus 100 inside the internal volume 208 of the pressure vessel 205. Although the pressure vessel 205 can be pressurized to a final vessel pressure of around 25 ksi (i.e. around 1723.69 bar), this pressurization is carried out gradually, in stages, by adjusting the tank pressure in turn and one or more of the constraint elements 142, 144a, 144b, 146a and 146b .
    Bearing in mind the fact that the tank pressure generally acts on the test apparatus in a uniform manner, it can be seen that the conventional approaches to perforation tests, which use the tank pressure itself to simulate the overload pressure of a deposit, therefore do not allow triaxial constraints to be applied to a core.
    However, in the approach described here, the tank pressure is not used to simulate the overload pressure of the deposit. Instead, the overload pressures or, more precisely, the resulting overload stresses which act on the core 250 are simulated by the stress elements 142, 144a, 144b, 146a and 146b. For example, the constraint element along the z axis 142 can apply an overload pressure of 20 ksi (or about 1378.95 bar) along the z axis, the constraint elements along the axis of the x 144a and 144b can apply an overload pressure of 19 ksi (approximately 1310.00 bar) along the x-axis and the stress elements along the y-axis 146a and 146b can apply an overload pressure of 17 ksi (about 1172.11 bar) along the y-axis. It is understood that these figures are provided only by way of examples and that, in practice, the overload pressures and the overload stress profiles developed by the stress elements 142, 144a, 144b, 146a and 146b can be adjusted. to reproduce the real profile of the three-dimensional overload stresses that would be observed in the simulated wellbore and the deposit for the perforation test.
    In this sense, we do not rely on the tank pressure to generate the overload pressure of the deposit, nor to generate the overload stress in the core 250. However, the tank pressure is advantageously used to support the test apparatus 100 and thus reduce the resistance requirements of one or more elements among the shell 130, the upper adapter 110 and the lower adapter 120. The pressurized fluid of the pressure vessel 205 acting to support the test device 100, it must only withstand the pressure difference between the tank pressure and the overload pressure applied by the stressing elements.
    An example of this support provided by the fluid in the tank is illustrated in FIG. 3, which is a sectional view of the system shown in FIG. 2. It should be noted that for the purposes of the illustration, the stressing elements 144a, 144b, 146a and 146b are shown in a simplified form and are not in contact with the core 250, although such contact is generally used to apply overload pressures and overload stress profiles. In this example, the pressure vessel 205 is pressurized to a vessel pressure of 25 ksi (or approximately 1,723.69 bar), which acts uniformly along the outer surface of the shell 130 of the test apparatus 100. L the stress element along the x-axis 144a applies an overload pressure of 19 ksi (or about 1310.00 bar) on the core 250 along the x-axis. This generates a reaction pressure of 19 ksi (about 1310.00 bar), which acts inside the shell 130, also along the x-axis. In an approach using only the constraining elements and no external pressure vessel 205, the shell 130 should withstand a pressure of at least 19 ksi (or about 1310.00 bar) along the x-axis. However, in the approach described here, which uses both the constraint elements and the external pressure vessel 205, the shell 130 must, on the other hand, only support the difference between the vessel pressure and the overload pressure generated by the constraint elements. In this case, the shell 130 must withstand a pressure of at least 6 ksi (or about 413.69 bar), and not 19 ksi (or about 1310.00 bar), along the x-axis.
    The same principle applies to the other elements of constraint. As shown, the stress member along the y-axis 146a applies an overload pressure of 17 ksi (or about 1172.11 bar) to the core 250 along the y-axis, which generates a reaction pressure of 17 ksi (about 1172.11 bar), which acts inside the hull 130, also along the y-axis. Here again, the shell 130 must only support the difference between the overload pressure and the tank pressure, which means that in this case, the shell 130 must withstand a pressure of at least 8 ksi (or approximately 551.58 bar), not 17 ksi (about 1172.11 bar), along the y-axis. Similarly, if the constraint element along the axis of z 142 applies an overload pressure of 20 ksi (or about 1378.95 bar), the shell 130 must only support a pressure of at least 5 ksi ( or about 344.74 bar), not 20 ksi (or about 1378.95 bar), along the z-axis.
    Therefore, the technical requirements of the shell 130, and the test apparatus 100 in general, are greatly reduced when using the pressure vessel 205 and its pressurized fluid to facilitate obtaining d resistance to the overload pressures applied by the stressing elements 142, 144a, 144b, 146a and 146b. Advantageously, the shell 130, the upper adapter 110 and the lower adapter 120 can all be made much thinner, lighter and smaller than would otherwise be necessary to withstand the overload pressures and the overload stresses applied by the different elements of constraint. This reduces both the capital and operating costs associated with performing these tests, and reduces the overall size of the test apparatus 100 and the core 250 compared to conventional triaxial stress tests, which are quite heavy and expensive to make. In addition, the combined system of the test apparatus 100 and the external pressure vessel 205 makes it possible to achieve applied triaxial overload stresses greater than those which can be reached during conventional triaxial stress tests, which constitutes another advantage of this disclosure.
    In view of the above discussion, in which the shell 130 must support at least 6 ksi (or about 413.69 bar) along the x-axis, 8 ksi (or about 551.58 bar) along the y-axis and 5 ksi (about 344.74 bar) along the z-axis, we understand why the pressurization process of the overall system presented in FIG. 2 must proceed in stages or synchronously. Assuming that shell 130 is designed with a safety margin and can support 12 ksi (or about 827.37 bar) in all directions, failure would nevertheless occur if pressure vessel 205 were brought to a relative pressure of 25 ksi (approximately 1723.69 bar) compared to the test device 100 at ambient pressure - the pressure difference of 25 ksi (approximately 1723.69 bar) that would result greatly exceed the design limit of the shell 130, equal to 12 ksi (approximately 827.37 bar).
    Instead, the pressure vessel 205 and the test device 100 must be pressurized together, so that the pressure limit of the test device is never exceeded. This pressurization process can consist in slowly pressurizing the pressure vessel 205 up to 25 ksi (i.e. around 1723.69 bar), while simultaneously bringing the test apparatus 100 to overload pressures of 19 ksi (i.e. around 1310 , 00 bar), 17 ksi (or about 1172.11 bar) and 20 ksi (or about 1378.95 bar) along the x-axis, y-axis and z-axis, respectively . In some embodiments, pressure adjustments may be made in stages, the magnitude of a stage may be a function of the overall pressure limit of the test apparatus 100. For example, if each stage corresponds to Mde la overall pressure limit, i.e. 3 ksi (i.e. approximately 206.84 bar) in this example, the pressure vessel 205 can first be pressurized up to 3 ksi (i.e. approximately 206.84 bar) above the ambient temperature, the test device 100 then supporting 3 ksi (or about 206.84 bar). Then, the test apparatus 100 can be pressurized up to 3 ksi (or about 206.84 bar) in each direction, so that it is not subjected to any net pressure. Alternatively, the test device 100 can be pressurized up to 6 ksi (or approximately 413.69 bar) in each direction, so as to be subjected to a net pressure of 3 ksi (or approximately 206.84 bar) . The alternating pressurization of the pressure vessel 205 and the stressing elements of the test apparatus 100 can be carried out in one of the other ways indicated above, until the desired final pressurizations are reached.
    In some embodiments, the tank pressure of the external pressure tank 205, as well as the overload pressures applied by the stress members 142, 144a, 144b, 146a and 146b, can be continuously monitored and adjusted from so as to maintain the desired overload stress profile in the entire core 250 and never exceed the pressure limit of the test apparatus 100, or a part thereof.
    Depending on the type of test to be performed, the source of wellbore pressure 217 and / or the source of pore pressure 237 can also be adjusted during the setting up and the test. For example, the wellbore pressure source 217 can be pressurized to simulate an anticipated wellbore pressure at the simulated depth - the wellbore pressure and the overload pressure being generally simulated for the same depth. As another example, in a production test, the source of pressurized interstitial fluid 237 can be actuated to saturate the core 250 with interstitial fluid before, during or after the pressurization of the pressure vessel 205 and the test apparatus 100 .
    Once the desired final pressures are thus maintained and reached, a perforation test can be carried out. The puncture charge 227 of the puncture assembly 225 (eg puncher) is detonated, which creates a puncture through the indentation of the puncher and the layers of casing and cement inside the receptacle of casing 114, thus opening a perforation tunnel 234 which penetrates into the core 250. In certain embodiments, the core 250 can be dimensioned so that at least one core diameter remains less than the maximum penetration depth of the perforation tunnel. In other words, the minimum height of the core 250 (height corresponding to the spacing between the upper adapter 110 and the lower adapter 120) can be formulated as follows: "maximum anticipated depth of the perforation tunnel" + " diameter of the carrot ".
    In some embodiments, accumulators (not shown) can be installed upstream and downstream of the core 250 to absorb the hydraulic shock of the perforation and simulate the peak pressures observed during a perforation of the bottom of hole. Once the perforation tunnel 234 is open in the core 250 and while the overload pressures and constraints continue to be applied by the constraint elements 142, 144a, 144b, 146a and 146b, we can measure the injection or production from the perforation tunnel 234. In the case of injection, the pressurized fluid is drawn into the perforation tunnel 234 via the wellbore pressure source 217 to simulate a variety of stimulation and different injection. The flow of injected fluid can be measured and characterized on or near the lower adapter 120 by means of various integrated sensors contained in the test apparatus 100, for the purpose of analyzing the fluid flows. In the case of production, the pressurized fluid is entrained in the perforation tunnel 234 from the rock surrounding the core 250 (ie radially), the driving force being supplied by the interstitial pressure source 237.
    In certain embodiments, the properties and characteristics of the perforation tunnel 234 can be deduced from the various telemetry and flow data collected by the sensors provided on and in the test apparatus 100, so as to model the perforation tunnel 234 in one or more of its most likely forms. These sensors present on or in the test apparatus 100 can be used in addition to the sensors and data collection modules provided for or integrated in the pressure vessel 205. In certain embodiments, the pressure vessel 205 and the apparatus test 100 can be depressurized, in the same synchronous manner or in stages as that initially applied for their pressurization, so that the test apparatus 100 can be removed. During removal, the core 250 can be swept by means of a CT scanner, for example, or physically open so that the perforation tunnel 234 is visible for monitoring and analysis.
    FIG. 4A and FIG. 4B illustrate examples of computer systems usable as control devices in the embodiments of the example system. The most suitable embodiment will be obvious to those skilled in the art when implementing the present technology. Those skilled in the art will also readily understand that other embodiments of the system are possible.
    FIG. 4A illustrates a conventional computer system architecture with system bus 400, in which the components of the system are in electrical communication with one another via a bus 405. The example of system 400 comprises a processing unit (CPU or processor) 410 and a system bus 405 which couples various components of the system, in particular the system memory 415 such as a read-only memory (ROM) 420 and a random access memory (RAM) 425, to the processor 410. The system 400 may include a high-speed cache memory directly connected to processor 410, located in the immediate vicinity thereof or integrated therein. The system 400 can copy data from the memory 415 and / or the storage device 430 to the cache memory 412, for rapid access by the processor 410. In this way, the cache memory can generate an improvement in performance, thus avoiding delays at processor 410 while waiting for data. These modules and others can control or be designed to control processor 410 so that it performs various actions. Another system memory 415 can also be used. The memory 415 can include several different types of memory, exhibiting different performance characteristics. Processor 410 may include any general purpose processor and a hardware or software module, such as module 1,432, module 2,434, and module 3,436, stored in storage device 430, designed to control processor 410 as well as a processor for specific use, the instructions of the software being in this case integrated into the design of the processor. The processor 410 can essentially be a completely autonomous computer system, containing several cores or processors, a bus, a memory manager, a cache memory, etc. A multicore processor can be symmetrical or asymmetrical.
    To allow user interaction with the computer device 400, an input device 445 can represent any number of input mechanisms, such as a microphone for voice input, a touch screen for input gestures or graphics, a keyboard, a mouse, a movement or voice input device, etc. An output device 435 may also be one or more of a number of output mechanisms known to those skilled in the art.
    In some cases, multimodal systems may allow a user to provide more than one type of input for communicating with the computing device 400. The communication interface 440 can generally govern and manage user input and system output. There are no restrictions on using a particular hardware configuration, so basic functionality can easily be replaced in favor of better hardware or firmware configurations as they are developed.
    The storage device 430 is a non-volatile memory and can be a hard disk or other types of computer-readable media making it possible to store data accessible by a computer, such as magnetic cassettes, flash memory cards, semiconductor memory devices, versatile digital disks, cartridges, random access memories (RAM) 425, read-only memory (ROM) 420 and their hybrids.
    The storage device 430 may include software modules 432, 434 and 436 for controlling the processor 410. Other hardware or software modules are envisaged. The storage device 430 can be connected to the system bus 405. In one aspect, a hardware module that performs a particular function can include the software component stored in a computer-readable medium and connected with the necessary hardware components, such as the processor 410 , bus 405, screen 435, etc., to execute the function.
    FIG. 4B illustrates an example of a computer system 450 having a chip architecture, which can be used to execute the method described and to generate and display a graphical user interface (GUI). Computer system 450 is an example of computer hardware, software and firmware that can be used to implement the technology described. The system 450 may include a processor 455, representative of any number of physically and / or logically distinct resources, capable of executing software, firmware and hardware designed to perform identified calculations. The processor 455 can communicate with a chip 466 making it possible to control the inputs to the processor 455 and the outputs therefrom. In this example, the chip 460 sends information to the output device 465, such as a screen, and makes it possible to read and write information on the storage device 470, which can include a magnetic medium and a semi-medium. -conductors, for example. Chip 460 can also read and write data from RAM 475. A bridge 460 interfacing with a variety of user interface components 465 may be provided for interfacing with the chip 460. These user interface components 465 may include a keyboard, a microphone, detection circuits and touchscreen, pointing device such as a mouse, etc. In general, inputs to the 450 system can come from a variety of sources, generated by a machine and / or generated by humans.
    The chip 460 can also interface with one or more communication interfaces 490, which can have different physical interfaces. These communication interfaces may include interfaces for wired and wireless local area networks, for broadband wireless networks, as well as for personal networks. Certain applications of the methods for generating, displaying and using the graphical user interface described here may include the reception of ordered data sets via the physical interface or be generated by the machine itself, by the processor. 455 which analyzes the data stored in the storage device 470 or 475. In addition, the machine can receive input from a user via user interface components 465 and perform the appropriate functions, such as navigation functions, by interpreting these inputs using processor 455.
    It will be understood that the examples of systems 400 and 450 may include several processors 410 or be part of a group or a cluster of networked computer devices to increase the processing capacity.
    For clarity, in some cases, the present technology can be presented as comprising individual functional blocks comprising functional blocks comprising devices, device components, steps or procedures in a process carried out in the form of software. , or combinations of hardware and software.
    In some embodiments, the storage devices, the supports and the memories readable by computer can comprise a signal by cable or wireless containing a flow of bits, etc. However, when mentioned, computer-readable non-transient storage media expressly exclude media such as electric current, carrier signals, electromagnetic waves, and the signals themselves.
    Processes in accordance with the above description can be implemented using computer executable instructions, stored or otherwise available on computer readable media. These instructions may include instructions and data that cause a general-purpose computer, a special-purpose computer, or a special-purpose processing device to perform a certain function or set of functions, or that configure that computer or device for this purpose. Certain parts of the IT resources used may be accessible via a network. Computer-executable instructions can be binary instructions, intermediate format instructions such as assembly language, firmware, or source code. The computer-readable media usable for storing instructions, information used and / or information created within the framework of the methods as described above include magnetic or optical disks, flash memory, USB devices with non-volatile memory, networked storage devices, etc.
    For clarity, in some cases, the present technology can be presented as comprising individual functional blocks comprising functional blocks comprising devices, device components, steps or procedures in a process carried out in the form of software. , or combinations of hardware and software.
    Storage devices, media and computer-readable memories may include a cable or wireless signal containing a bit stream, etc. However, when mentioned, computer-readable non-transient storage media expressly exclude media such as electric current, carrier signals, electromagnetic waves, and the signals themselves.
    The devices carrying out the methods according to the present disclosure can include hardware, firmware and / or software, and can take any form from a variety of forms. These forms can include laptops, smartphones, compact personal computers, personal digital assistants, rack mount devices, standalone devices, etc. The function described here can also be performed in the form of peripherals or expansion cards. This function can also be performed on a printed circuit board between different chips or by the execution of different processes in a single device.
    The instructions, the media used to transmit these instructions, the computer resources used to execute them and other auxiliary structures associated with these computer resources are means of providing the functions described here.
    Although various information has been used to explain certain aspects covered by the appended claims, no limitation thereof should be deduced from particular characteristics or configurations, those skilled in the art being able to infer a wide variety of implementations. Furthermore, and although certain objects could have been described in a language specific to the structural characteristics and / or to the stages of the process, it should be understood that the object defined in the appended claims is not necessarily limited to the characteristics or actions described . This function can be distributed differently or executed in components other than those identified here. Instead, the features and steps described are presented as possible components of systems and methods covered by the appended claims. In addition, in the claims, the formula "at least one / one of" a set indicates that one or more elements of the set comply with the claim.
    权利要求:
    Claims (11)
    [1" id="c-fr-0001]
    1. Overload constraint apparatus (100, 200), characterized in that it comprises: an elongated fixing shell (130) enclosing and insulating a chamber (132); a plurality of constraining elements (142, 144a, 144b, 146a, 146b) inside the chamber (132) and arranged to form a central receiving cavity (152) in the shape of a rectangular prism to contain a core rock (150, 250) to be tested, the plurality of constraint elements (142, 144a, 144b, 146a, 146b) covering at least five faces of the receiving cavity (152) in the shape of a rectangular prism, the receiving cavity (152) in the form of a rectangular prism having three opposite paired faces and having three axes each extending through one of the three opposite paired faces, the plurality of constraint elements (142, 144a, 144b, 146a, 146b) capable of being independently controlled to apply overload pressures to the core (150, 250) when the core is contained in the central receiving cavity (152) in the direction of each of the three axes; a first end adapter (110) positioned at a first end of the central receiving cavity (152) for receiving a first end of the core (150, 250) when the core is contained therein; and a second end adapter (120) positioned at a second end of the central receiving cavity (152) opposite the first end, and covering at least one of the plurality of restraining elements (142, 144a, 144b, 146a, 146b).
    [2" id="c-fr-0002]
    2. Overload constraint apparatus (100, 200) according to claim 1, further comprising an external pressure vessel (205), the fixing shell (130) being contained in the external pressure vessel (205) and receiving a external pressure from the external pressure tank (205), the fixing shell (130) being designed to withstand only part of the overload pressures, the external pressure supporting the rest of the overload pressures; wherein the plurality of constraint elements (142, 144a, 144b, 146a, 146b) can be independently controlled to generate three overload stress profiles along the three corresponding axes, and wherein the plurality of constraint elements ( 142, 144a, 144b, 146a, 146b) is provided by one or more flat cylinders and pistons; wherein the core (150, 250) is rectangular in cross section and less than 30.48 centimeters (12 inches) in side in cross section.
    [3" id="c-fr-0003]
    3. An overload constraint apparatus (100, 200) according to claim 1 or 2, further comprising a simulated wellbore section, the simulated wellbore section being coupled between the first end adapter (110) and a source of pressurized fluid to simulate the characteristics of the wellbore; wherein the second end adapter (120) provides fluid coupling between a source of pressurized interstitial fluid and the core (150, 250).
    [4" id="c-fr-0004]
    4. An overload constraint apparatus (100, 200) according to any one of claims 1 to 3, in which the first end of the core (150, 250) is received in a part of the simulated well casing of the first end adapter (110).
    [5" id="c-fr-0005]
    5. An overload constraint apparatus (100, 200) according to claim 4, further comprising a perforator (225) coupled to the simulated wellbore casing portion of the first end adapter (110), the perforator (225 ) can be used to create a perforation tunnel (234) through the simulated wellbore tubing portion and into the core (150, 250).
    [6" id="c-fr-0006]
    6. A method characterized in that it comprises: the positioning of a rock core (150, 250) inside a fixing shell (130) of an apparatus with overload constraint (100, 200 ); positioning the overload constraint apparatus (200) within an internal volume (208) of an external pressure vessel (205) containing a vessel fluid; pressurizing the external pressure vessel (205) to a desired vessel pressure, so that the vessel pressure provides circumferential support for the mounting shell (130); and pressurizing the overload constraint apparatus (100, 200) to desired triaxial overload pressures along a first axis, a second axis and a third axis of the core (150, 250), in which the fixing shell (130) supports only part of the overload pressures and the tank pressure supports the rest of the overload pressures.
    [7" id="c-fr-0007]
    7. The method of claim 6, wherein a maximum nominal pressure of the fixing shell (130) is less than one or more pressures among the tank pressure and triaxial overload pressures; adjusting the triaxial overload pressures to generate a first desired overload stress profile along the first axis of the core (150, 250), a second desired overload stress profile along the second axis of the core (150 , 250) and a third desired overload stress profile along the third axis of the core (50, 250); wherein the external pressure vessel (205) and the overload constraint apparatus (100, 200) are pressurized simultaneously, so that a difference between the vessel pressure and any of the triaxial overload pressures never exceeds a threshold pressure, the threshold pressure being a function of a maximum nominal pressure of the fixing shell (130).
    [8" id="c-fr-0008]
    8. The method of claim 6 or 7, wherein the external pressure vessel (205) and the overload constraint apparatus (100, 200) are pressurized in stages, the vessel pressure and the triaxial overload pressures being increased alternately, by an amount less than the desired vessel pressure and the desired triaxial overload pressures, respectively; wherein pressurizing the overload constraint apparatus (100, 200) includes adjusting a plurality of constraint elements (142, 144a, 144b, 146a, 146b) positioned within the shell of fixing (130) and in contact with the core (150, 250), the stressing elements (142, 144a, 144b, 146a, 146b) being provided by one or more flat jacks and pistons.
    [9" id="c-fr-0009]
    The method of any of claims 6 to 8, further comprising providing a portion of simulated well casing between a face of the core (150, 250) and the external pressure vessel (205) , and further comprising performing a puncture test on the core (150, 250), the puncture test creating a puncture tunnel (234) through the portion of simulated wellbore tubing and extending in the carrot (150, 250).
    [10" id="c-fr-0010]
    10. The method of claim 9, wherein the perforation tunnel (234) is used to perform a production test or an injection test on the core (150, 250).
    [11" id="c-fr-0011]
    11. The method of claim 10, wherein the core (150, 250) is fluidly isolated from the tank fluid and one or more sources of external fluid are coupled to the overload constraint device (100, 200) to achieve the production test or the injection test on the carrot (150, 250).
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    同族专利:
    公开号 | 公开日
    US20200225137A1|2020-07-16|
    GB2580234A|2020-07-15|
    GB202002765D0|2020-04-15|
    DE112017007817T5|2020-04-16|
    BR112020004010A2|2020-09-01|
    US10983038B2|2021-04-20|
    WO2019070252A1|2019-04-11|
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    法律状态:
    2019-09-26| PLFP| Fee payment|Year of fee payment: 2 |
    2020-11-06| PLSC| Search report ready|Effective date: 20201106 |
    2021-06-11| ST| Notification of lapse|Effective date: 20210506 |
    优先权:
    申请号 | 申请日 | 专利标题
    USWOUS2017055134|2017-10-04|
    PCT/US2017/055134|WO2019070252A1|2017-10-04|2017-10-04|Applying triaxial stresses to a core sample during perforation and flow testing|
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